"Vivaldi": "\\f002 There seems to be some difference of opinion as to the exact date of Antonio Vivaldi's birth. The records in Venice, Italy, show that he was baptized shortly after an earthquake shook Venice in 1678. Antonio's father was an established violinist and settled with his family in Venice where he held a position as a musician in the orchestra at the famous St. Mark's cathedral. He was known there as G.B. Rossi, because of his red hair. Antonio apparently inherited his father's red curls and was sometimes called \"il prete rosso\" (the red priest).",
"ID": 1,
"pageID": "Page 1",
"Liszt": "\\f002 Born of a father who was employed by the Esterházys of Hungary, a royal family whose members were all patrons of the arts, Franz Liszt was fortunate as a child to be surrounded by the musicians and artists of Europe's cultural circles. Young Franz showed his musical talents at an early age and gave his first full concert at the age of nine. Members of the nobility were so impressed with his talent that they organized a scholarship fund for the young boy which permitted him to go to Vienna, Austria, and take lessons with some famous musicians in that city.\r\n",
"PageID3": "Page 1",
"Bach": "\\f002 Bach is considered by many to be one of the greatest composers of all time. His music is profound, yet accessible; analytical and intellectually challenging, yet passionate and melodic. It appeals to listeners on many different levels. In Bach's lifetime, music was in transition: the contrapuntal form of composition -- in which melodic ideas pass from voice to voice -- was on its way out. Replacing it was a \\ATXht54\\cf1\\f001 homophonic \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 form of composition: \\ATXht52\\cf1\\f001 melody \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 plus \\ATXht155\\cf1\\f001 chords\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. Bach freely used both old and new forms, infusing the older forms with a fresh harmonic vitality.",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Although classical music has declined in popularity, most people know the name of this great composer and recognize the themes of his symphonies. Why is Beethoven still so famous? Perhaps it is because Beethoven was more than a musical genius. Ludwig van Beethoven lived during an era of great change in Europe -- the era of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic wars. Beethoven believed in the goals of the American and French revolutions: liberation from oppressive governments and the dignity of the individual. ",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Chopin has been called the poet of the \\ATXht64\\cf1\\f001 piano\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. One of the most important of the Romantic composers, Chopin wrote almost exclusively for the piano. He helped set the musical tone of the 19th century, writing single - movement pieces called \\ATXht73\\cf1\\f001 nocturnes\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht66\\cf1\\f001 fantasies\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and \\ATXht67\\cf1\\f001 impromptus\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 which were shaped not by formal conventions but by the inner logic of their emotional melodies. His life mirrored his compositions. Like a flickering flame, Chopin burned brightly for a time and then died in his thirty-ninth year. ",
"Handel": "\\f002 George Frederick Handel was born in Germany in the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti, two other famous Baroque composers. When he was a young man growing up in his native town of Halle his father did everything he could to discourage the boy from continuing his musical studies. Handel's father was a barber-surgeon and decidedly did not want his son to choose music as a profession. He wanted his son to have a \"real\" job, like his father, shaving people and putting leeches on people and such.",
"Haydn": "\\f002 Franz Josef Haydn was born in Rohrau, Austria to parents of dubious musical background. At the urging of an older relative, young Joseph was sent to Hamburg where he gained considerable musical training so that by the time he was eight he became a chorister at St. Stephen's Cathedral in Vienna.\u000b\\par\u000bHe remained there for the next nine years being schooled in music, Latin, and the psalms. When his voice broke at seventeen, so did his association with St. Stephen's.",
"Joplin": "\\f002 Scott Joplin (1868-1917) was born in Texarkana, Texas, close to the borders of Arkansas, Louisiana and Missouri. His father, Giles, had been born a slave and had played the violin in plantation bands. He became a free man only five years before Scott Joplin's birth and found employment as a railroad worker.\u000b\\par\u000bThe Joplins were a musical family. Scott's mother came from Kentucky, sang and played the \\ATXht77\\cf1\\f001 banjo\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. His brother Will sang and played the \\ATXht78\\cf1\\f001 guitar\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. Another brother, Robert, sang and composed music.",
"Mendelssohn": "\\f002 Felix Mendelssohn-Bartholdy was born on February 3, 1809 in Hamburg, Germany. His paternal grandfather was a noted philosopher and his father a prominent banker. Felix's father, realizing that Jews were not considered equals in Germany at the time, had his three children, his wife and himself baptized in the Lutheran Church, adding Bartholdy to make the family name more \"dignified.\"\u000b",
"Mozart": "\\f002 The greatest musician who ever lived? Many people think so. As a performer and a composer, Mozart was acknowledged in his own day to be a genius. He had everything a musician needs: an ear that recognized any note (absolute pitch), the hands to play everything he heard, the intelligence and creativity to put it all together. And to top it all off, as Haydn said, \"he has taste.\"\u000b\\par\u000bMozart's music is pleasant, but not superficial. It makes perfect sense, yet it's full of surprises. ",
"Schubert": "\\f002 Born in Vienna on January 31, 1797, Schubert was the son of a parish school- master. Young Schubert received his musical training from his father, his oldest brother, and the parish organist, Michael Holzer. At the age of eleven he entered the Konvict School in Vienna, an academy which trained boys as court singers. Here Schubert received substantial musical training under such renowned masters as Wenzel Ruzicka and Antonio Salieri. Here, too, he was introduced to the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven.\r\n",
"Strauss": "\\f002 The name of Strauss is often omitted from textbooks dealing with music history. This is very strange considering his music is some of the most popular music heard and played in Europe right up to the present. Leaving him out of a music history and a list of composers would be like talking about Rock music in the 1960s and not mentioning the Beatles.\u000b\\par\u000bIn Europe, the name of Johann Strauss, Jr. brings to mind several ideas: cafe society, the \\ATXht90\\cf1\\f001 operetta\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and the elegant world of grand ballrooms and waltzes.",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 The son of a mining engineer, Peter Ilyitch Tchaikovsky was born in Votkinsk on May 7, 1840. Though neither of his parents was musically inclined, Peter showed an aptitude toward music at an early age. He began piano lessons at the age of five. but no other musical training was given to him until his late teens.\u000b\\par\u000bWhen he was ten, his family moved to St. Petersburg where the young boy was entered into a preparatory school with the expectations of following the law profession. ",
"Verdi": "\\f002 Fortunio Giuseppe Francesco Verdi was born in the Duchy of Parma in a small town called Le Roncole on October 10, 1813. His father was the local innkeeper.\u000b\\par\u000bThe young Verdi exhibited a keen interest in all forms of music, from the popular barrel organ to ecclesiastical music heard at the church. He received his earliest musical training from the village organist and soon became so accomplished that Verdi substituted for him and finally succeeded him before Verdi was twelve years old."
},
{
"Vivaldi": "\\f002 The young Antonio studied for the priesthood and received his Holy Orders in 1703, at the age of 25. Being a priest didn't seem to interfere with his musical activities or his travels. In fact, there were several spicy rumors afloat that he was carrying on an affair with two sisters simultaneously. This was something he denied vehemently, even though the sisters seemed to accompany him wherever he went. But enough gossip, let's get to his music.",
"ID": 2,
"pageID": "Page 2",
"Liszt": "\\f002 He arrived there in 1821 and had some lessons with Antonio Salieri and then with Carl Czerny. He even got to play for the great master, Beethoven, who supposedly kissed the young lad on the forehead after the boy played for him. He was also introduced to Franz Schubert while in Vienna. In 1823, the child prodigy went to Paris and gained immediate fame as a \\ATXht62\\cf1\\f001 virtuoso\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 on the piano. The piano had evolved in Europe as a favorite solo instrument since the time of Mozart, the first musician to really maximize the possibilities of the instrument. ",
"PageID3": "Page 2",
"Bach": "\\f002 To listen to Bach, then, is to experience an important historical development in music and to appreciate its significance. Generations of composers have considered Bach to be their teacher.\u000b\\par\u000bBach was a pure and virtuous musician. In our own day, we expect a genius to be extraordinary, an inspired genius unaffected by the constraints of daily life. Bach was just the opposite. His genius emerged from his dedication and his religious devotion. Perhaps heredity had something to do with it.",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Beethoven's music captured the spirit of his times -- the struggle of mankind to be free. A dramatic figure in a dramatic age, Beethoven epitomized the heroic artist, striving to assert and maintain his dignity amidst a life filled with personal problems.\u000b\\par\u000bBorn in the provincial city of Bonn on the west bank of the Rhine River, Beethoven did not have a happy childhood. Beethoven's grandfather -- also named Ludwig -- had been a distinguished musician. ",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Born of a French father and Polish mother, Chopin spent half of his life in his native Poland, the other half primarily in Paris. These were the two emotional centers of his life as well.\u000b\\par\u000bPoland's independence had been obliterated in a series of wars and diplomatic maneuvers. After an ill-fated revolution led by the Polish national hero Thaddeus Kosciuszko in 1794, Poland -- or what remained of it -- was partitioned and governed by its three more powerful neighbors -- Prussia, Austria, and Russia. ",
"Handel": "\\f002 In those days, barbers were in charge of bleeding people using leeches when they were sick; out with the bad blood! -- in with the good!\u000b\\par\u000bAt the age of 18, Handel quit his studies of law and went to the city of Hamburg in Northern Germany. There he worked on advancing his \\ATXht5\\cf1\\f001 organ\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 playing skills and also played second \\ATXht28\\cf1\\f001 violin\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 in the \\ATXht27\\cf1\\f001 opera\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 orchestra. On occasion, he would also be asked to play the \\ATXht60\\cf1\\f001 harpsichord\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, giving him the opportunity of showing off his keyboard skills.",
"Haydn": "\\f002 In order to support himself, Haydn acted as house servant and accompanist to Nicola Porpora, a prominent singing teacher and composer. Through his connection with Porpora, Haydn met some of the more influential composers and musical patrons of the time. In 1759 he was appointed \\ATXht172\\cf1\\f001 kapellmeister\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for Count Ferdinand von Morzin. This afforded him two advantages. Firstly, it gave him the security of a patron; secondly, it forced him to turn his mind to composition of \\ATXht173\\cf1\\f001 serenades\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht73\\cf1\\f001 nocturnes\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht74\\cf1\\f001 string quartets\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and \\ATXht47\\cf1\\f001 symphonies\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002.\r\n",
"Joplin": "\\f002 At one point in his life, Scott Joplin formed and composed songs for a vocal group which included his two younger brothers. This group went on tours as far as New York.\u000b\\par\u000bScott took up the guitar at first, but he showed great talent as a pianist and took lessons on that instrument. His father wanted him to find a reliable job, but Scott wanted to be a professional musician. Throughout history, musicians -- great and not so great -- have been discouraged from pursuing a career in music.",
"Mendelssohn": "\\f002 Young Felix studied piano under Ludwig Berger and composition under Carl Friedrich Zelter, a close friend of Goethe. Zelter introduced Mendelssohn to the great German poet and also sponsored his membership in the Singakademie in Berlin. Mendelssohn forever kept these close to his heart -- Goethe's Romantic outlook, and choral music.\u000b\\par\u000bMendelssohn was fortunate to have come from a family comfortable enough to provide a home theater, and family and friends capable of performing his music.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Mozart's music continues to appeal to new generations of listeners and the story of his life continues to fascinate, as witnessed by the success of the play and movie \\i2 Amadeus. \\plain\\f002\\i0 Mozart was born in the city of Salzburg, now a part of Austria.\u000b\\par\u000bHis father, Leopold, was a gifted violinist and teacher who served as a court musician for the Archbishop of Salzburg. Wolfgang began to play the\\ATXht60\\cf1\\f001 harpsichord\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 at the age of three when his older sister took lessons. His father soon recognized that his young son was a prodigy.",
"Schubert": "\\f002 Schubert's first compositions were written as class exercises and date from 1811. Among these early compositions were \\ATXht89\\cf1\\f001 lied\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , piano pieces, \\ATXht50\\cf1\\f001 chamber music\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and his first\\ATXht47\\cf1\\f001 symphony\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 .\u000b\\par\u000bSchubert was forced to leave school in 1813 when his voice changed. He attended St. Anna Normal School in preparation for a teaching post at his father's school. His creative output during this time was phenomenal: \\ATXht19\\cf1\\f001 songs\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 ,\\ATXht75\\cf1\\f001 Masses\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 ,\\ATXht30\\cf1\\f001 sonatas\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , symphonies, and even an opera.",
"Strauss": "\\f002 While Strauss' music is often considered \"light\", the number of \\ATXht26\\cf1\\f001 orchestras \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 that include his\\ATXht91\\cf1\\f001 waltzes\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 in their\\ATXht85\\cf1\\f001 repertory\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 is monumental as is the number of\\ATXht27\\cf1\\f001 opera\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 companies that perform his delightful operettas.\u000b\\par\u000bJohann Strauss II was born in Vienna, Austria on October 25, 1825, the son of Johann Strauss (1804-1849), a composer also noted for his operettas and waltzes. The father wanted his son to have a career other than that of a musician.",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 While he was at the School of Juris- prudence his mother died of cholera. Peter was fourteen and the loss of his mother greatly affected him. He became more and more withdrawn and melan- cholic. He remained at the School of Jurisprudence until he was nineteen. He received his degree and began work in the Ministry of Justice.\u000b\\par\u000bWhile working at the Ministry Tchaikovsky began to take formal music lessons in composition and piano, and applied himself more to music than law.",
"Verdi": "\\f002 In 1825, Verdi was sent to the town of Busseto where he became a pupil of Ferdinando Provesi, the leader of the town \\ATXht26\\cf1\\f001 orchestra \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and the leading musical master of the region. Through the influence of Antonio Barezzi, a wealthy local merchant, a fund was established to send Verdi to Milan to further his studies. But he was older than the traditional student and the Conservatory at Milan rejected his application and Verdi was forced to take private lessons from Vincenzo Lavigna."
},
{
"Vivaldi": "\\f002 Vivaldi was an extraordinary violinist, teacher and composer. He played a major role in the development of violin playing and in the history of the \\ATXht35\\cf1\\f001 concerto\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. Especially popular are his four concertos called \\i2 The Four Seasons. \\i0 These works are remarkable for what they accomplished given the time in which he lived. Not only were these pieces totally entertaining for the listener, but they were very challenging for the performers, especially the solo violinist. Doubtless, Vivaldi played these solos himself at their initial performances.",
"ID": 3,
"pageID": "Page 3",
"Liszt": "\\f002 The piano had grown in stature from a fairly weak-sounding instrument with only four and a half octaves to the full seven and a half octave keyboard of Beethoven's day. The sound quality and the sheer power of the piano became greatly improved as well by the time Liszt was in his twenties.\u000b\\par\u000bApparently, Liszt was quite the ladies man. He became involved with a girl of sixteen in Paris and when her father tried to break things up, Liszt went into a depression and had a nervous breakdown.",
"PageID3": "Page 3",
"Bach": "\\f002 Bach belonged to the fifth of seven generations of professional musicians. Bach's father, grandfather, and great - grandfather were town musicians, that is, they were members of the town's musicians guild (union). The respons- ibilities of the town musician included sounding the hours of each day and ringing the fire alarms. Bach's father was town musician of Eisenach in Thuringia, and Bach was born there in 1685. Both his parents died before Bach was ten. Sebastian then lived with an older brother, Johann Christoph Bach. ",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Beethoven's grandmother was an alcoholic, and, unfortunately, this illness was passed on to Beethoven's father, Johann, who was also a musician. Johann apparently had a bad temper and forced the young Beethoven to practice at all hours of the day and night.\u000b\\par\u000bBeethoven's father hoped that his son would be a child prodigy and lift the family out of poverty. His mother tried to protect him from his father. Because of his father's harsh methods, young Ludwig often thought of giving up music.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Throughout Chopin's lifetime, the Polish people struggled for liberation, and the country which sympathized most with this struggle was France.\u000b\\par\u000bMany Polish intellectuals and artists took up residence in Paris. Polish émigrés became the voice of a free Poland in exile. The first composition Chopin ever wrote was a \\ATXht68\\cf1\\f001 polonaise\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, a piece based on the rhythm of the stately national dance of Poland. The last piece he wrote was a \\ATXht69\\cf1\\f001 mazurka\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, based on a popular Polish folk dance in 3/4 time.\r\n",
"Handel": "\\f002 While he was in Hamburg, Handel was asked to write his first opera when another composer couldn't meet a deadline to produce a score for \\i2 Almira. \\i0 This opera was a great success and was pivotal in Handel's compositional career.\u000b\\par\u000bUnlike Bach who never traveled more than 200 miles from where he was born, Handel traveled extensively. In 1706, he moved to Italy at the invitation of a Medici prince and stayed for three years. These were extremely important years for his artistic growth. ",
"Haydn": "\\f002 In 1761, Haydn became kapellmeister for Prince Paul Anton Esterházy and remain- ed with him for more than 25 years, composing \\ATXht27\\cf1\\f001 operas\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht75\\cf1\\f001 Masses\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht35\\cf1\\f001 concertos\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht30\\cf1\\f001 sonatas\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and symphonies for his patron.\u000b\\par\u000bHaydn met \\ATXht205\\cf1\\f001 Mozart\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 in 1781 when Mozart was 25 and Haydn nearly twice his age. Though greatly respected and admired by the musical community, Haydn knew genius when he saw it. He wrote to Mozart's father that \"your son [is] the greatest composer I ever heard.\"\r\n",
"Joplin": "\\f002 Despite his father's fears, Scott Joplin left home in 1882 -- while still a teenager -- to make music.\u000b\\par\u000bThe South of Joplin's time was a hotbed of musical activity. Joplin played in bars and honky-tonks in Louisiana and Texas. Traveling shows, such as minstrel troupes and circuses, also offered employment to musicians. Steamboats on the Mississippi River had dance bands, and cities such as New Orleans and St. Louis were gathering places for musicians of all races and ethnic backgrounds.",
"Mendelssohn": "\\f002 By 1826, he had written his first masterpiece, an \\ATXht86\\cf1\\f001 overture \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 to the play \\i2 A Midsummer Night's Dream \\i0 which followed his Octet of 1825. Zelter introduced him to Bach's choral works and in 1829 he presented Mendelssohn with a copy of Bach's \\i2 St. Matthew Passion. \\i0 Its performance at the Singakademie marked the beginning of the revival of Bach's music throughout Europe. It is a bit of an irony that the revival of the Christian inspired music of Bach was in large part due to the work of a converted Jew.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 The boy could play back anything on the keyboard after hearing it once, he could sight read pieces flawlessly, he could improvise without running out of ideas.\u000b\\par\u000bMozart's father nurtured the natural gifts of Wolfgang and his sister. He also recognized their potential as an attraction. In 1762 Leopold took the six-year-old Wolfgang and his older sister on the road. They toured the grand courts of Europe, visiting Vienna, Versailles, London, and Rome. The young Mozart quickly gathered praise from the rich and famous.\r\n",
"Schubert": "\\f002 Schubert was more at ease at composing than at teaching, though. In 1816 he resigned his post at the school and dedicated his life to musical composition. One problem with this was his inability to support himself. Schubert was forced to turn to friends and relatives for his food and board. His life became that of a vagabond -- one week with this friend, another week with that. Yet it did not adversely affect his musical output.",
"Strauss": "\\f002 Upon graduation, Johann took a position as bank clerk. Yet while attending these non-musical schools, Strauss secretly studied violin and mastered the art of composing light music.\u000b\\par\u000bThe elder Strauss left the family in 1840 and the younger Johann began serious study of music under the tutelage of members of the Royal Opera of Vienna. In 1844, the younger Strauss made his debut as composer and conductor. His success was immediate and his position as leader of cafe music waxed as his father's waned. ",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 Tchaikovsky left his position at the Ministry in 1862 and entered the St. Petersburg Conservatory where he studied under the direction of Anton Rubinstein. In 1865 he graduated from the Conservatory.\u000b\\par\u000bWhen the Moscow Conservatory was founded in 1866 under the leadership of Nicholas Rubinstein (Anton's brother), Tchaikovsky was appointed professor of harmony. This provided the young man with a salaried position and the time to apply himself to his compositions. \r\n",
"Verdi": "\\f002 It was a terribly difficult time for the young musician. Verdi stayed in Busseto from 1835 to 1838 as director of its orchestra and head of its music school. In 1836, he married Margherita Barezzi, a merchant's daughter. She bore him two children: Virginia (who died in 1838) and Icilio (who died in 1839). She herself died in 1840.\u000b\\par\u000bDuring this time he completed his first two operas, \\i2 Oberton \\i0 and \\i2 Un Giorno di regno. \\i0 The latter was his first attempt at comedy and it simply did not work."
},
{
"Vivaldi": "\\f002 The other interesting thing about these \\i2 Seasons \\i0 is that he had poems that described different scenes happening during the spring, summer, autumn and winter printed on the first page of the music. Then he actually wrote in some of the lines from these poems over the printed notes of the scores so that the players would be inspired to envision and communicate what was being suggested by the music.",
"ID": 4,
"pageID": "Page 4",
"Liszt": "\\f002 It was a wild time, with the French newspapers reporting his death and Franz being so despondent that he had serious thoughts of becoming a priest. He changed his mind, though, and went back to his great performances.\u000b\\par\u000bWhen Liszt performed at public concerts, the ladies in the crowd seemed to go wild. By all accounts, he was a very handsome man and had a very flamboyant manner about him as he performed, making grand entrances, wildly posturing, and tossing his long hair over his face as he played.",
"PageID3": "Page 4",
"Bach": "\\f002 At the age of fifteen, Bach was a choir boy in the north German town of L├╝neberg. Always interested in church music, during his years at L├╝neberg he developed a passion for the organ, reportedly walking great distances to hear various master organists. Bach auditioned for a position as church organist in the Duchy of Saxony, closer to home. The job was given to an older candidate, but Bach soon won a position as organist at Arnstadt in his native Thuringia.",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 The shy and sensitive young Beethoven first studied the harpsichord, becoming the harpsichordist for the court \\ATXht26\\cf1\\f001 orchestra \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 of Cologne.\u000b\\par\u000bIn this period, Germany was not a unified nation, but rather a loose collection of over 200 states -- we would describe them today as distinct countries. Beethoven was, in reality, a servant of the Prince Max Franz -- all court musicians were considered servants. At the age of fourteen, Beethoven was appointed assistant organist.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 The mazurka rhythm emphasizes the so-called weak second and third beats as opposed to the Viennese waltz -- also in 3/4 time -- which accents the strong first beat.\u000b\\par\u000bChopin's father, Nicolas, was an amateur violinist and took part in the Polish uprising of 1794. The Polish elite considered anything French to be the mark of culture and a symbol of resistance to Russian oppression, so Nicolas stayed in Poland and became a tutor to the local aristocracy.",
"Handel": "\\f002 While in Italy, Handel had close personal contact with the leading Italian masters, including Arcangelo Corelli, Alessandro and Domenico Scarlatti, Antonio Vivaldi and others. Here he became thoroughly familiar with Italian opera, \\ATXht46\\cf1\\f001 cantata \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht37\\cf1\\f001 oratorio\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht35\\cf1\\f001 concerto\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and \\ATXht50\\cf1\\f001 chamber music\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. He also acquired a mastery of Italian styles and technique, enabling him to rival the greatest Italian masters. Handel spent time in Florence, Rome, Naples, Venice and other Italian cities, being received into the best society and being regarded as a young musical genius. ",
"Haydn": "\\f002 Haydn left Esterházy in 1790 after the death of Prince Nicholaus. He visited London at the inviation of the English \\ATXht176\\cf1\\f001 impresario\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 Johann Peter Solomon (a sort of Hal Prince of his day). There he wrote twelve symphonies, the London symph- onies, conducted scores of concerts, and was awarded an honorary degree from Oxford University.\u000b\\par\u000bAfter returning to Vienna, Haydn ventured into a relatively new form for him -- the \\ATXht37\\cf1\\f001 oratorio\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. He completed \\i2 The Creation \\i0 in 1798 and \\i2 The Seasons \\i0 in 1801. Both met with great success.",
"Joplin": "\\f002 New Orleans and St. Louis had both been founded by the French, where African- Americans had access to musical training and opportunities to perform. Joplin went to St. Louis in 1885 and was undoubtedly influenced by the many pianists there playing a mixture of popular and classical music. Joplin led a small \\ATXht26\\cf1\\f001 orchestra\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 at the famous Chicago World's Fair in 1893 and settled several years later in the small railroad town of Sedalia. In Sedalia, Joplin played in a number of places with various ensembles, including playing cornet in the Queen City Concert Band. ",
"Mendelssohn": "\\f002 1829 also marked the beginning of extensive travel for Mendelssohn. He visited Paris where he met Chopin and Rossini. He toured England where he conducted his Symphony in C minor. He also traveled to Scotland, met Sir Walter Scott, and was inspired to compose \"Fingal's Cave\" (the Hebrides Overture).\u000b\\par\u000b1830 saw Mendelssohn back in England. He had finished the \"Italian\" Symphony and began work on the \"Scottish\" Symphony. He had been named music director at Dusseldorf and at Leipzig.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 He dazzled audiences with musical tricks, with performances and impromptu improvisations. He received gifts from kings and queens. At the age of fourteen the Pope knighted him.\u000b\\par\u000bPeople are fascinated by precocious children but usually less interested in brilliant adolescents. Mozart settled down in Salzburg. A new archbishop, something of a curmudgeon, did not show much interest in young Mozart and, for a time, refused to permit him to travel.\r\n",
"Schubert": "\\f002 Schubert was very methodical and deliberate in his compositions. He would begin writing early in the morning, finish his task by one in the afternoon, play the work on the piano until he was satisfied, and put it away until the next day. Each day would bring a repetition of this ritual.\u000b\\par\u000bThough he would write ceaselessly, no one would publish his works. From the time he left teaching until 1821, not one of his works was published. This is truly amazing considering he wrote over 600 songs alone.\r\n",
"Strauss": "\\f002 By the time of his father's death in 1849, the younger Strauss ruled supreme as \"King of the Waltz.\" Not only a musician but a keen businessman as well, young Strauss combined his orchestra and that of his father. The augmented orchestra made a grand tour of Europe beginning in 1854 that lasted several seasons. The countries visited included France, England, and Russia.\u000b\\par\u000bWhile actively leading his orchestra, Strauss also continued to compose waltzes that made his name a household word.",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 Tchaikovsky's first major work dates from this time, the \\i2 Romeo and Juliet Fantasy Overture. \\i0\u000b\\par\u000bIn this work one sees all the major components of Tchaikovsky's music: haunting melody, intensity of emotion, pronounced melancholy, rich and vivid orchestration. The music takes its impetus from the Shakesperean tragedy, as well as the failure of his love affair with the singer Desirée Artot who had shattered his life by marrying someone else.\r\n",
"Verdi": "\\f002 It would be more than a half-century before Verdi would return to writing a comic opera. His third attempt at opera turned out to be a success, and with the production of \\i2 Nabucco \\i0 (1842), Verdi's fame and fortune found solid ground. During the next decade, Verdi was able to present eleven operas. Among these were \\i2 I Lombardi \\i0 (1843), \\i2 Ernani \\i0 (1844), and \\i2 Macbeth \\i0 (1847).\u000b\\par\u000bVerdi achieved more than a modest income from these works and settled on a large estate at Sant' Agata."
},
{
"Vivaldi": "\\f002 This was very innovative in that it is one of the finest and earliest examples of what later became \"program music\". That is, instrumental music that attempts to suggest non-musical events or ideas or images to the listener. These \\i2 Four Seasons \\i0 are so successful that you will probably recognize them from having heard them in TV commercials and as underscoring in many films.",
"ID": 5,
"pageID": "Page 5",
"Liszt": "\\f002 There are stories of women fainting at the sight of him, throwing bouquets of flowers to him on stage, and when they ran out of flowers, they started throwing their jewelry. Women fought over gloves that he would purposely leave on the piano after a performance. They would rush the stage just to get up close to him to get a better view of his handsome face. Women collected his cigar stubs and pieces of broken piano strings and hammers from the pianos which Liszt pounded. Liszt was a real showman and loved all the attention. ",
"PageID3": "Page 5",
"Bach": "\\f002 In this early period of his life, Bach had two related goals. Because he was a pious Lutheran throughout his life, he wished to play on a superior instrument (organ) and to compose better church music, in Bach's words, a harmonious euphony to the Glory of God. At Arnstadt Bach finally had such an instrument on which to play. The Arnstadt organ had pedals played by the feet and two manuals -- keyboards played by the hands. Each part of the instrument had various stops, which controlled the ranks of pipes.",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Encouraged by his noble patron, his teacher Neefe, a local aristocrat, Ferdinand von Waldstein, even Prince Max Franz himself who considered himself an enlightened man, Beethoven paid a visit to Vienna in 1787 where he met and played for an appreciative Mozart.\u000b\\par\u000bWhile in Vienna, Beethoven received word that his mother was dying and returned quickly to Bonn. His father drank heavily after this and Beethoven became the legal head of his family -- fully responsible for his brothers.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 In 1806, at the home of Count Skarbek, Nicolas Chopin met, and ultimately married, Justine Krzyzanowska. He was a professor of French at the Warsaw Lyceum, and young Frederic grew up with three cultured and loving sisters.\u000b\\par\u000bThe oldest, Louise, was devoted to her younger brother throughout his life and was at his bedside when he died. She helped instruct Chopin in French and music. His home was reportedly always filled with people and music, and Frederic soon became known as the little Mozart.",
"Handel": "\\f002 In 1710, Handel was appointed court conductor in the city of Hanover, sending him back to Germany and ending his Italian years. Shortly thereafter he was invited to London, England where he produced his first opera for the English in 1711. He was only twenty-six years old at this point. Again, Handel had great success, and realizing the possibilities in London, decided to permanently relocate. He had to go back to Germany a few more times to conduct operas, but he more or less skipped out on his responsibilities and patrons in Hanover. ",
"Haydn": "\\f002 By 1803, Haydn's health had so deteriorated that he made few public appearances. By the time of his death in 1809 Haydn had become so much an invalid that he could hardly speak and his mind was far from lucid. Yet, he was so well respected and regarded that Napoleon had an honor guard placed at his house at the time of his death.\u000b\\par\u000bHaydn was buried in the local churchyard but in 1820 his remains were removed to the Esterházy estate where he was so long employed and his genius flourished.\r\n",
"Joplin": "\\f002 It was not uncommon then for musicians to play many instruments -- to work as much as possible. Band music was all the rage in the United States at that time. Kids looked up to band members with their shiny uniforms and brass instruments and dreamed about becoming famous cornet players.\u000b\\par\u000bThe sounds and forms of American band music -- made so popular by composers such as John Philip Sousa in the 1890s -- would influence the development of ragtime and jazz. ",
"Mendelssohn": "\\f002 In 1835 Mendelssohn began work on the \\ATXht37\\cf1\\f001 oratorio \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 \\i2 St. Paul \\i0 and completed it in 1836. His one regret was that his father had not lived to see its premiere, having died late in 1835. Mendelssohn married a French woman, Cecile Jeanrenard, in 1837.\u000b\\par\u000b1838 found Mendelssohn back in England. He began composition of the oratorio \\i2 Elijah. \\i0 During this time, Mendelssohn was appointed music director of the Academy of Arts in Berlin. ",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Mozart began a new tour at the age of twenty-one with his mother and traveled to Mannheim where he fell in love with Aloysia Weber. Hoping to secure a prime position at the French court, Mozart was disappointed at the offer he received. Then his mother became ill and died. He returned to Mannheim to discover that Aloysia Weber had fallen for another man. Mozart later married her sister Constanze and, surprisingly, the marriage was a happy one.\r\n",
"Schubert": "\\f002 Schubert's life was marked by failure and frustration. Yet, he maintained his creative energies. But it was his emotional and physical health that was questionable. He became more and more obsessed with his own death. In 1828, his health had so deteriorated that he could no longer maintain his daily regimen. By late November, Schubert was beset by delerium and the end came swiftly.\u000b\\par\u000bFew, outside of a small circle of friends, ever knew of Schubert's mastery of musical composition while he was alive. ",
"Strauss": "\\f002 Among the greatest of Strauss' waltzes are \\i2 Wine, Women, and Song, \\i0 \\i2 The Blue Danube, \\i0 \\i2 Tales from the Vienna Woods, \\i0 and \\i2 The Emperor Waltz. \\i0\u000b\\par\u000bThe compositions were formed to exact models and are as precise as any\\ATXht47\\cf1\\f001 symphony\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 of Beethoven or\\ATXht35\\cf1\\f001 concerto\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 by Mozart. And they were greatly admired and praised by Wagner, Offenbach, Verdi and Gounod, to name a few.",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 About this same time two crucial personal events occured in Tchaikovsky's life. The first was the forming of a relationship with Nadezhda Filaretovna von Meck. She promised to act as his patron, providing him with financial and monetary stability. She had only one proviso -- that she and Tchaikovsky would never personally meet. This relationship lasted for more than thirteen years before it was broken off suddenly by Mme. von Meck. Though Tchaikovsky was independent, the abrupt ending caused him sorrow and pain.",
"Verdi": "\\f002 In 1859 Verdi married Giuseppina Strepponi, the Prima Donna, or star, of his first success \\i2 Nabucco. \\i0 His second period of productivity began in the decade of the 1850s. During this time he wrote \\i2 Rigoletto \\i0 (1851), \\i2 Il Trovatore \\i0 (1853), and \\i2 La Traviata \\i0 (1853). \\i2 I Vespri Siciliani \\i0 (1855), \\i2 Simon Bocanegra \\i0 (1857) and \\i2 Un Ballo in Maschera \\i0 (1859) soon followed. This second period of creativity came to its climax with the premiere of \\i2 Aida \\i0 (1872), perhaps the most popular and impressive opera ever written.\r\n"
},
{
"Vivaldi": "\\f002 During his long and active career as a performer and as a composer, Vivaldi produced over 500 outstanding concertos. More than 230 of these are for solo violin and strings, and another 120 are for other instruments and strings. He also composed sonatas and wrote over 20 operas and some sacred choral works. One of these choral works, his \\i2 Gloria, \\i0 was only rediscovered on a library shelf in a prominent home in Venice fairly recently.",
"ID": 6,
"pageID": "Page 6",
"Liszt": "\\f002 Liszt was criticized by some because sometimes he had three pianos on stage so that he could go from one to the other after he had beaten it up and pieces of strings and hammers went flying. Sounds an awful lot like some of the rock concerts we have today, doesn't it?\u000b\\par\u000bDuring his fantastic concertizing throughout Europe the newspapers used the term \"Lisztomania\" to describe the big stir he created wherever he performed. ",
"PageID3": "Page 6",
"Bach": "\\f002 For the large pipe organs, like the one at Arnstadt, the wind was often supplied by one or more men operating bellows.\u000b\\par\u000bUnfortunately for Bach, not all the church members thought that elaborate music was appropriate in the service. He moved on, but not before marrying his cousin Maria Barbara Bach, daughter of yet another Bach organist. Bach accepted a position in the service of the Duke of Saxony at Weimar in 1708. At Weimar Bach developed his reputation as a master organist and composed regularly.\r\n",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 With the financial help of Count Waldstein, Beethoven returned to Vienna in 1792 after the death of his father. He would live in Vienna for the rest of his life. Beethoven dedicated one of his most famous piano sonatas to the Count, the \"Waldstein\" Sonata No. 21 in C, Opus 53.\u000b\\par\u000bIronically, Beethoven was famous for his republican inclinations. Older artists such as Haydn, who Beethoven studied with for a time, and the famous German poet Goethe were surprised by Beethoven's lack of deference to the nobility. ",
"Chopin": "\\f002 In 1830, Chopin left this world of wealth and culture for the musical metropolis of Vienna.\u000b\\par\u000bHis music teacher, Joseph Elsner, gave him a silver container filled with Polish soil. Six days after his arrival in Vienna, Chopin heard the news of a Polish revolution. The revolutionary spirit had spread from France where the bourgeoisie had ousted the reactionary Bourbon king. The July monarchy of Louis-Philippe was established, an upper middle-class society reigned supreme.",
"Handel": "\\f002 Queen Anne of England granted him a lifelong annual pension of 200 pounds, which was later raised to 600 pounds (English pounds went a long way back then; this was a lot of money)!\u000b\\par\u000bIn 1715 Handel was in an awkward position because his former patron from Germany suddenly became King George I of England. Apparently, Handel was able to win him back as a friend and supporter by composing the now famous \\i2 Water Music Suite \\i0 for the new king's boat ride up the Thames River.",
"Joplin": "\\f002 In Sedalia, Scott Joplin wrote his most famous piece of music, the \\i2 Maple Leaf Rag, \\i0 named after the Maple Leaf Club at which Joplin performed. Joplin's first published compositions came out in Kansas City in 1899. By that time, Joplin had already moved back to St. Louis.\u000b\\par\u000bJoplin had been unable to convince any music publisher to publish \\i2 Maple Leaf Rag \\i0 because it was so hard to play. Finally, in 1899 a publisher from Sedalia, John Stark, took a chance on the piece.",
"Mendelssohn": "\\f002 The King of Prussia requested music for Shakespeare's \\i2 A Midsummer Night's Dream \\i0 so Mendelssohn added thirteen new pieces to the overture he had written seventeen years earlier. This Incidental Music premiered in 1843. Three years later, Mendelssohn had his crowning triumph with \\i2 Elijah, \\i0 an oratorio in style and grandeur to rival Handel's \\i2 Messiah. \\i0\u000b\\par\u000bShortly after the untimely death of his sister, Fanny, in 1847, Mendelssohn became gravely ill. On November 4, 1847 he died at the age of 38.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Mozart resigned himself to serving the Archbishop of Salzburg, but he was never comfortable with his lowly position at a sleepy, provincial court.\u000b\\par\u000bFrustrated socially and artistically, Mozart was literally kicked out of Salzburg in 1781 for refusing to do some menial task. Unlike Bach, who served the church, or Haydn, who served an aristocratic patron, Mozart was never successful at playing the role of the obedient and virtuous servant.\r\n",
"Schubert": "\\f002 Even Schubert's most famous symphony (No. 8 in B minor -- the \"Unfinished\") did not have its premiere for more than five years after its composition. His Symphony No. 7 was not discovered for more than a decade after his death (1839).\u000b\\par\u000bDuring his lifetime, and for some time after his death, Schubert was remembered mostly for his songs. It was not until the close of the 19th century that he began to enjoy his place as a master of harmony and orchestration. \r\n",
"Strauss": "\\f002 In addition to his waltzes Strauss left a lasting mark on the musical world with his operettas. At first he was not successful because he tried to do too much. After two unspectacular attempts, Strauss composed \\i2 Die Fledermaus \\i0 (The Bat), the masterpiece against which all other operettas are measured. In it, he set down the formula for successful operettas and, knowingly or not, the formula that all others follow. For more than fifty years, Strauss held forth as cafe conductor in Vienna. It was impossible to separate Johann Strauss from the city he loved.",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 Also at the same time, fearful of his homsexual tendencies and not wishing to cause a scandal to his family, Tchaikovsky entered into a loveless marriage with Antonia Ivanovna Milyukova. The union lasted from July to October of 1877. Though she outlived her husband by almost 25 years, she and Tchaikovsky were never to live together after October 1877.\u000b\\par\u000bIt was during this period that Tchaikovsky began a period of intense creativity. ",
"Verdi": "\\f002 For the next sixteen years, Verdi did not compose any operatic music. There are some other compositions though, a string quartet (1873), and the famous Manzoni \\i2 Requiem \\i0 (1874). But the inspiration for opera was dormant. The older Verdi was more reserved and more domestic.\u000b\\par\u000bAfter a prolonged absence from the operatic stage Verdi premiered \\i2 Otello \\i0 (1887), based on the Shakespearean tragedy. "
},
{
"Vivaldi": "\\f002 Vivaldi's music was very vibrant and exerted influence on other composers throughout Europe during his lifetime. The great Johann Sebastian Bach even took some of Vivaldi's violin works and transcribed them to suit his German Baroque style.\u000b\\par\u000bMuch of Vivaldi's life was spent traveling and performing throughout Europe. He spent time in Rome, Mantua, Germany, and Holland, and finally ended up in Vienna, Austria. It was in Vienna, the city of musicians, that Vivaldi died.",
"ID": 7,
"pageID": "Page 7",
"Liszt": "\\f002 Liszt was decidedly a matinee idol during his twenties and into his forties, performing some of his very difficult piano compositions like the \\i2 Hungarian Rhapsodies \\i0 and Paganini's \\ATXht70\\cf1\\f001 Etudes\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . There are many people who say that as a pianist, he has never been equaled. As far as Europe was concerned, Liszt had freed the piano from the usual style of playing with the hands as close to the keyboard as possible. Until Liszt's performances, the only other one who had played with his arms and hands flying in all directions was Beethoven.",
"PageID3": "Page 7",
"Bach": "\\f002 Disappointed at not being given the post of Kapellmeister (music director) there, Bach accepted a similar position at the court of Prince Leopold of Anhalt-C├╢then. The Duke of Saxony did not want Bach to leave and at one point threw him in jail. At C├╢then, Bach composed some of his most famous secular and instrumental music, including his famous Concerto in D minor for two Violins. He also wrote a number of pieces for unaccompanied violin, including the Partita No. 2 in D minor with its final \\i2 Chaconne \\i0 -- a piece which still measures the greatness of a violinist.",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Beethoven's pride and his beliefs made him bow to no man and although Beethoven depended financially on gifts from wealthy aristocratic patrons, his insistence on creative freedom made him a hero for other artists and for his audiences. He celebrated the pursuit of emancipation in his Third \\ATXht47\\cf1\\f001 Symphony\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, the \"Eroica\", and, in the Ninth, presented the voice of humanity in a new democratic age with the innovative use of a chorus in the finale, singing the famous \\i2 Ode to Joy. \\i0",
"Chopin": "\\f002 The Polish revolution, however, was quickly crushed. Chopin memorialized it with his \\ATXht70\\cf1\\f001 Etudes\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (Opus 10). The etude, which means study in French, is intended to be played by students, but Chopin's are considered to be among his earliest masterpieces. The most famous is the last, No. 12, the \"Revolutionary.\" In 1842 Chopin wrote a musical tribute to the Polish national struggle, the \"Heroic\" Polonaise in A flat (Opus 53).",
"Handel": "\\f002 Another equally popular orchestral work from this period is his \\i2 Music for the Royal Fireworks, \\i0 also written to regain grace and favor with the court. Handel continued producing Italian operas for London until 1730. Unfortunately, people were getting tired of the stodginess of Italian opera and a lot of the conventions and personalities that came with it. There were public fights between some of the leading female singers and the castrati (men who had been emasculated as young boys to preserve their high voices).",
"Joplin": "\\f002\\i2 Maple Leaf Rag \\i0 became popular immediately and sold over a million copies of sheet music in Joplin's lifetime. It has also been recorded hundreds of times. \\i2 Maple Leaf Rag \\i0 is still considered the most famous and finest ragtime piece.\u000b\\par\u000bBy the end of the 1890s ragtime was all the rage. There were ragtime songs such as \\i2 Hello, Ma Baby \\i0 and ragtime dances. People all over the country were playing and listening to ragtime but St. Louis was considered ragtime's true home with composers like Joplin and Louis Chauvin.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 But the times were also changing -- church music no longer set cultural trends, and the privileges of the aristocracy were being called into question. Composers were coming to depend more on public concerts, publishing royalties, and teaching income for their livelihood.\u000b\\par\u000bUnfortunately for Mozart, his career fell in this transitional period. Although he received several court appointments from the emperor, his salary was rather small.\r\n",
"Schubert": "\\f002 Though his life was often oppressive, Schubert's works were not lugubrious or melancholic. Rather, his were works of a pensive and reflective temperament befitting a composer who helped bring us from the Classical age to the Romantic era of music.",
"Strauss": "\\f002 It is a sad irony that Strauss' death came after conducting a performance of his best known operetta. After conducting a performance of \\i2 Die Fledermaus, \\i0 Strauss contracted bronchitis and that, coupled with his age, led to his death on June 3, 1899. His funeral was that of a king or emperor; the people of Vienna outpouring their love and affection. Indeed, it was the funeral of a king, \"The King of the Waltz.\"\r\n",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 Tchaikovsky's ballet \\i2 Swan Lake \\i0 (1877), the opera \\i2 Eugene Onegin \\i0 (1879), the \\i2 Capriccio Italien \\i0 (1880), his Symphony No. 4 (dedicated to Mme. von Meck, 1878), and the \\i2 1812 Festival Overture \\i0 (1882) were all composed and presented during this period.\r\n\\par\\par\r\nFrom 1887 to 1893 Tchaikovsky toured widely in Europe and Russia. He even came to America in 1891 to conduct the opening concert at Carnegie Hall in New York City.",
"Verdi": "\\f002 For his last opera, Verdi turned again to Shakespeare. In 1893 the comic-opera \\i2 Falstaff \\i0 (1893) was premiered at La Scala in Milan. It had been more than fifty years since Verdi had attempted comedy. The first one was not a sucess, this one was a triumph.\u000b\\par\u000bVerdi's last years were not happy. His beloved Giuseppina died in 1897. He could no longer bear the life at Sant' Agata that held so many memories for him."
},
{
"Vivaldi": "\\f002 Despite the fact that he was a celebrated composer, Vivaldi was buried in a pauper's grave because he apparently spent all his money on extravagances. This is such a strange irony because Mozart, who had not even been born yet, was to suffer the same end in the same city. He too died in Vienna and was buried in a pauper's grave, but that's another story. ",
"ID": 8,
"pageID": "Page 8",
"Liszt": "\\f002 Liszt was the first to really \\ATXht80\\cf1\\f001 orchestrate \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 at the piano, playing his \\ATXht181\\cf1\\f001 transcriptions \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 and \\ATXht82\\cf1\\f001 arrangements \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 of \\ATXht47\\cf1\\f001 symphonies \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 by Beethoven and Hector Berlioz. His reputation as a performer spread throughout Europe and into Russia. He spent many years doing concert tours that took him into many royal circles. He enjoyed being in demand and would often turn down invitations from kings and queens to perform for them. Once he even reprimanded the Tsar of Russia, Nicholas I, because Liszt heard him talking while he was playing.\r\n",
"PageID3": "Page 8 ",
"Bach": "\\f002 The early 18th-century \\ATXht56\\cf1\\f001 suite \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 (partita in Italian) is a collection of short pieces based on dance forms. Bach composed four suites for small chamber orchestra -- the third contains the famous \\i2 Air for the G-String. \\i0 Probably the most famous compositions from this period are the six \\i2 Brandenburg Concertos, \\i0 composed after the death of his first wife and dedicated to the local ruler of Brandenburg in 1721 in hopes, perhaps, of securing a position in a new place. Bach soon took a second wife, Anna Magdalena Wilcken -- the daughter of the court trumpeter.\r\n",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Beethoven, first made a name for himself in Vienna as a piano \\ATXht62\\cf1\\f001 virtuoso\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. He was the first great composer to write specifically for the piano's unique capabilities. The pianoforte, unlike earlier keyboard instruments, has a great dynamic range.\u000b\\par\u000bBeethoven explored the emotional potential of the instrument in his thirty-two piano sonatas. Among the most famous are No. 8 in C minor \"Pathetique\", No. 14 in C-sharp minor \"Moonlight\", and No. 23 in F minor \"Appassionata.\" ",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Chopin decided to visit Paris in 1831 and was captivated by the most cosmopolitan city in Europe. He wrote to a friend that Paris was a place where you can laugh, cry, have a good time, be bored, do what you want, no one looks at you, thousands of people do the same thing and each in his own way. He met Rossini, the famous opera composer and director of the Italian Theater in Paris, the young piano \\ATXht62\\cf1\\f001 virtuoso\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 Franz Liszt, and a host of other musicians and artists. ",
"Handel": "\\f002 The English public had become weary of listening to the Italian language, so they were very receptive to a new musical in English which emerged called \"The Beggar's Opera\", a parody on Italian opera and a satirically veiled attack on the court society of the time.\u000b\\par\u000bThe decline of Italian opera continued for some time, despite Handel making three attempts to keep it going, including going to Italy to recruit new singers. Beginning in 1732, we see Handel turning his energies in a new direction -- the oratorio.",
"Joplin": "\\f002 What exactly is ragtime? Some think that the term ragtime came from the ragged \\ATXht15\\cf1\\f001 rhythms\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 played by pianists of the time. Others have tried to trace the name to various dances or the dress of ragtime's poor musical practitioners. There is no way of knowing.\u000b\\par\u000bPerformers might play a ragtime version of a Sousa march, \\i2 The Star Spangled Banner, \\i0 or an aria from a Mozart opera. This practice was called ragging the classics.\r\n",
"Mozart": "\\f002 The first great composer to achieve truly popular success, especially with his\\ATXht27\\cf1\\f001 operas\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , he still was forced to borrow money and couldn't pay his taxes. By all accounts, he led a somewhat bohemian life -- traveling with other artists in the fast lane of one of Europe's most cosmopolitan cities. Mozart began composing at an early age -- writing his first\\ATXht47\\cf1\\f001 symphony\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 at the age of eight and his first opera at the age of eleven. He began producing compositions still considered masterpieces while in his teens!",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 Bringing truth to the old adage about a prophet not being recognized in his own country, Tchaikovsky's music was so favorably received and appreciated on these tours that it was a revelation to the composer. The music for his ballets \\i2 Swan Lake, \\i0 \\i2 Sleeping Beauty, \\i0 and \\i2 The Nutcracker \\i0 was much in demand and made him a popular idol outside his country.\u000b\\par\u000bIn 1893 Tchaikovsky began work on his Symphony No. 6, the \"Pathetique\". It had its premiere performance in late October of that year. ",
"Verdi": "\\f002 Verdi took lodgings at the Grand Hotel in Milan and there awaited his end, doing no more than vegetating. Early in 1901 he suffered a paralytic stroke and died on January 17, 1901.\u000b\\par\u000bHe was accorded a state funeral and his death closed a century of European opera with the figures of Rossini and Verdi as the pillars supporting the world of Italian music."
},
{
"ID": 9,
"pageID": "Page 9",
"Liszt": "\\f002 As he began to age, Liszt took on many students whom he would not charge for lessons. He also encouraged and sponsored emerging composers, including Richard Wagner, who would ultimately become his son-in-law. In the 1840s Liszt settled at Weimar, Germany and began work on his new orchestral compositions which he termed \\ATXht83\\cf1\\f001 symphonic poems\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 . The most famous of these is called \\i2 Les Préludes. \\i0 As a conductor during this time he championed artists living and dead: Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Schumann, and especially Wagner.",
"PageID3": "Page 9 ",
"Bach": "\\f002 Bach was a contented and devoted family man, the parent of at least 19 children. Four of his sons achieved some fame as musicians and some of Bach's music for the \\ATXht58\\cf1\\f001 clavier \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 was written as study pieces for his family, particularly, \\i2 The Well-Tempered Clavier \\i0 and the \\ATXht59\\cf1\\f001 Minuet \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 in G.\u000b\\par\u000bBach wrote for three kinds of keyboard instruments: the \\ATXht5\\cf1\\f001 organ\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, the clavicembalo or \\ATXht60\\cf1\\f001 harpsichord\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and the clavier or clavichord. The famous \\i2 Goldberg Variations \\i0 were intended for the harpsichord. ",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Beethoven also wrote ten \\ATXht30\\cf1\\f001 sonatas \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 for piano and violin, the most famous being the fifth sonata \"Spring\" and the ninth \"Kreutzer.\" Beethoven was one of the first to use the thumb extensively on the keyboard. This made it much easier to play long \\ATXht63\\cf1\\f001 legato \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 passages on the instrument. But Beethoven's career as a performer was cut short by his loss of hearing. The onset of deafness was a tragedy and triumph in his life. Forced to abandon his career as a pianist Beethoven feared that his disability would cut off the patronage on which he lived.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Introduced by another Polish émigré into the fashionable circle of Parisian aristocrats, bankers and merchants, Chopin was soon able to support himself by giving private lessons and concerts. His unique style on the piano was better suited to the salon than the concert hall.\u000b\\par\u000bChopin soon found a number of publishers interested in his work. He also acquired the support of piano manufacturer Camille Pleyel. But it was Liszt who arranged a meeting between Chopin and the famous George Sand.",
"Handel": "\\f002 The main advantage oratorio had over opera was financial. It was a lot cheaper to produce because it didn't involve costumes, scenery, or fancy lighting and visual effects. Additionally, it was sung in English, not Italian, so people could understand it. In 1735, Handel gave no fewer than 15 oratorio performances in London, adding as a special attraction organ concertos which Handel himself performed during the intermissions. Despite all these successes, Handel still tried to produce operas until the London opera houses finally closed in 1737.",
"Joplin": "\\f002 The best ragtime pieces represent a unique combination of many musical influences: the forms and harmonic conventions of American marches; the Romantic piano music of Europe; and above all, the musical traditions of African-Americans, especially the energy that comes from playing a \\ATXht79\\cf1\\f001 syncopated\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 off-the-beat rhythm against a strict on-the-beat feel. ",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Some of Mozart's earliest famous works are Symphony No. 29 in A (K.201), the \"Posthorn\" Serenade No. 9 in D (K.320), and the Serenade for Strings in G \\i2 Eine kleine Nachtmusik \\i0 (K.525). The K numbers refer to Ludwig von Koechel's 19th-century master list of Mozart's compositions.\u000b\\par\u000bAll in all, Mozart produced 41 symphonies, 27 piano concertos, 17 piano\\ATXht30\\cf1\\f001 sonatas\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 , 42 violin sonatas, and many other works for orchestra, chamber ensembles, and solo instruments. ",
"Tchaikovsky": "\\f002 As with so many of his other works, the Symphony No. 6 was coolly and indifferently received by the critics. Less than two weeks after its first performance, Tchaikovsky died of cholera, after drinking unfiltered water.\u000b\\par\u000bMany have speculated whether it was an act of suicide act or a mere accident... no one will ever know. But for this man of melancholy, isolation, brooding, and intense emotion it would seem a rather fitting end to his life."
},
{
"ID": 10,
"pageID": "Page 10",
"Liszt": "\\f002 In 1861 Liszt moved to Rome where he composed some very powerful sacred works. Two oratorios which stand out from this period are \\i2 St. Elizabeth \\i0 and \\i2 Christus. \\i0 In addition, he composed many settings of \\ATXht84\\cf1\\f001 psalms\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, \\ATXht75\\cf1\\f001 Masses\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002, and sacred \\ATXht8\\cf1\\f001 motets\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002. Liszt spent a lot of his time in prayer and in religious preparation. In 1865, Liszt received \"minor orders\" from the Vatican, giving him the official title of \"Abbe\" Liszt, fulfilling his youthful longing to become a priest (of sorts).",
"PageID3": "Page 10",
"Bach": "\\f002 Bach's study pieces were probably intended for the softer, but more touch-sensitive clavichord.\u000b\\par\u000bThe harpsichord's sound is produced by quills which pluck the strings. The pianoforte has hammers which strike the strings and fall away, producing a louder and more resonant sound. Invented by Bartolomeo Cristofori in the first decade of the 1700s, the pianoforte in Bach's time was still rather crude.",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Beethoven scored his greatest triumphs as he was losing his hearing. It may be that his deafness forced him to focus on composition and pushed him to renew his sense of purpose.\u000b\\par\u000bBeethoven never became totally deaf, however. It is said that he had to hold a resonant stick of wood between his teeth while composing. By pressing this stick against the piano, he could sense the musical vibrations as he played.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Sand, born Aurore Dupin, was a Paris celebrity, famous for her novels, for her romantic encounters, and for dressing in men's clothing. She was also a political activist with influential friends. When their relationship began in 1838, Sand was 34, Chopin 28. The relationship between the two temperamental and creative loners lasted until 1846.\u000b\\par\u000bA trip to Majorca in 1838 proved disastrous when Chopin suffered a lung hemorrhage. Chopin's health was fragile. (He ultimately died of tuberculosis.)",
"Handel": "\\f002 Handel's health began to fail him at this time and he had to take a trip to France and suspend his musical activities. Upon returning to England, Handel finally quit the field of opera entirely, after having worked in it for 35 years. He now devoted his energies entirely to oratorios.\u000b\\par\u000bIf anything has made Handel's name immortal in the musical world , it is the choral dramas which are the oratorios of his later years. Year by year one or several of these masterpieces were produced by Handel. ",
"Joplin": "\\f002 Scott Joplin was really the first African-American to achieve national prominence as a composer, and the heyday of ragtime marked the first time blacks had a real impact on mainstream American culture. Like Jelly Roll Morton and Duke Ellington, who followed in his footsteps, Joplin had lofty ambitions. His compositions, and those of his successors, pioneered new directions in piano writing and performance. It has never been easy to balance the demands of the public for simple, catchy melodies and the dream of writing extended, intricate music.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Among his later famous works: the \"Haffner\" Symphony No. 35 in D (K.385); the \"Prague\" Symphony No. 38 in D (K.504); the \"Jupiter\" Symphony No. 41 in C (K.551); the Quintet in A for Clarinet and Strings (K. 581); and the Piano Sonatas No. 11 in A (K.331), No. 14 in C Minor (K.457), and No. 15 in C (K.545).\u000b\\par\u000bSuch a list, however, does not even begin to scratch the surface -- one could spend a lifetime becoming acquainted with Mozart's music."
},
{
"ID": 11,
"pageID": "Page 11",
"Liszt": "\\f002 Throughout his life Liszt never forgot his homeland, Hungary, and it continued to inspire him. From 1869 on he visited it yearly for several months and spent most summers in Germany and winters in Italy.\u000b\\par\u000bEven in his later years he still attracted women including a nineteen-year-old in Rome and a much older Russian Baroness. In 1866 he undertook a \"Jubilee Tour\" in celebration of his 75th birthday which took him to Paris and London where he received an exciting welcome after an absence of 45 years.",
"PageID3": "Page 11",
"Bach": "\\f002 Bach was the first composer to write so-called equal-tempered music for the keyboard in every possible major and minor key. Older systems of tuning based on the natural harmonic series limited the number of \\ATXht61\\cf1\\f001 scales \\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 a composer could use in any one piece. The equal-temperament system of tuning divides the octave into 12 equal semitones, making every interval except the octave slightly out of tune. This allows the composer to modulate freely between keys. This system was relatively new in Bach's day, and Bach was a strong advocate for it.\r\n",
"Beethoven": "\\f002 Finally, Beethoven was unable to hear even the applause at his performances. Conducting the Ninth Symphony in Vienna in 1824, he only became aware of the ovation when he turned to face the audience.\u000b\\par\u000bWhen Beethoven died in 1827 all of Vienna mourned: it had lost its greatest hero.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Chopin's work habits didn't help -- he composed in alternating fits of inspiration and depression. Nevertheless, he wrote a number of pieces while on this trip, including the famous Preludes (Opus 28). Chopin recovered his health somewhat after a stay at Sand's chateau at Nohant.\u000b\\par\u000bWhile there he finished his Sonata in B minor (Opus 35) with the well-known \\i2 Funeral March \\i0 in the third movement and a fourth movement which Schumann thought captured the cruel realism of death.",
"Handel": "\\f002 The year 1741 is especially important because of the composition of \\i2 Messiah \\i0, first performed in Dublin, Ireland around Easter of 1742. \\i2 Messiah \\i0 has become one of Handel's most popular works, appealing to music lovers of all tastes and backgrounds. It contains wonderful solos for Soprano, Alto, Tenor, and Bass and some of the most uplifting choruses ever written, including the \\i2 Hallelujah \\i0 chorus.\u000b\\par\u000bHandel's \\i2 Messiah \\i0 is probably the most frequently performed work of its kind.",
"Joplin": "\\f002 Joplin's first marriage ended in 1906, and he moved to New York City, where he appeared on the vaudeville stage billed as \"The King of Ragtime Composers.\"\u000b\\par\u000bFighting against the severe racism of that time and struggling to be accepted as a serious composer, Joplin devoted much of his time and money to writing and producing an opera, \\i2 Treemonisha \\i0 which was never produced in his lifetime. During this rather sad period of Joplin's life, he continued to write ragtime pieces, including the poignant \\i2 Solace \\i0 in 1909. ",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Mozart was one of the first great composers to consider the\\ATXht87\\cf1\\f001 pianoforte\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 his primary instrument. In the course of the 18th century, the\\ATXht64\\cf1\\f001 piano\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 gradually supplanted the harpsichord as the dominant keyboard instrument.\u000b\\par\u000bMozart's concert grand piano, however, had only five octaves -- compared to the seven and a quarter octaves (88 keys) of the modern grand piano. "
},
{
"ID": 12,
"pageID": "Page 12",
"Liszt": "\\f002 By all accounts, he still played magnificently despite a terrible fatigue brought on by the strains of the tour. Sadly, he caught a severe chill which developed into pneumonia causing his eventual demise. He died at Bayreuth, Germany on July 31, 1886.\u000b\\par\u000bLiszt's contributions to the orchestral, piano, and organ \\ATXht85\\cf1\\f001 repertories\\ATXht0\\plain\\f002 have long been acknowledged, but only recently has attention been given to his other im- portant works, especially his oratorios, psalms, Masses, motets, and songs.\r\n",
"PageID3": "Page 12",
"Bach": "\\f002 In Bach's day, the thumb and pinkie were rarely used in keyboard fingerings, and fingers were held in a flat manner. Bach insisted that his pupils should use all their fingers and should hold them in a curved manner -- this, of course, is standard practice today. \u000b\\par\u000bIn 1723, Bach took a new position as cantor of St. Thomas's School in Leipzig, the job he would retain until his death. At Leipzig he was in charge of musical instruction and performances for all of the city's four churches.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 By 1846 George Sand had clearly tired of Chopin. That year she published a new novel, \\i2 Lucrezia Floriani, \\i0 in which she pictured Chopin as the sickly prince Karol. On February 12, 1848, Chopin gave his last public concert in Paris. Ten days later a new revolution erupted in the streets of Paris. Louis-Philippe fled to England. The struggle for liberation had seized Poland once more, and many Polish exiles in France returned home to fight. Chopin, always more of a dreamer than a fighter, sailed for England and Scotland to bolster his shrinking bank account.",
"Handel": "\\f002 A point of contention among musicologists and historians regarding this work, and indeed, all of Handel's oratorios, is whether or not this is really a sacred work, written for the church. Most people seem inclined to regard it as a highly dramatic musical work which happens to be based upon a scriptural theme, as are most of his other oratorios.\u000b\\par\u000bHandel produced numerous other oratorios in his declining years, working on even after he was afflicted by total blindness in the last seven years of his life.",
"Joplin": "\\f002 Broken in spirit, Joplin died in a mental institution in New York in 1917.\u000b\\par\u000bHis music was mostly forgotten until a renewal of interest in ragtime occurred in the 1960s. By the 1970s Joplin was being hailed as an original American genius and today his fame and popularity seem assured.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Clementi met Mozart in Vienna and competed with him in a musical duel arranged by the emperor. The duel was judged to be a draw.\u000b\\par\u000bMozart continued to play and compose for the lighter touch of the older Viennese instrument. Although Beethoven is considered the first great composer of works for the piano which utilize its distinctive capabilities, Mozart's concertos and sonatas remain a critical part of the literature.\r\n\r\n"
},
{
"ID": 13,
"pageID": "Page 13",
"PageID3": "Page 13",
"Bach": "\\f002 Finally, Bach had the opportunity he had long desired. As head musician he was able to compose five complete sets of cantatas for each of the important days of the religious calendar -- 295 cantatas in all. Unfortunately, not all of these pieces have survived the passage of time.\u000b\\par\u000bEach cantata lasted about half an hour and provided a musical meditation on that day's Gospel text. The service lasted from seven in the morning until about noon.",
"Chopin": "\\f002 Chopin's health was broken by this trip, he returned to France and died there in 1849. In contrast to Mozart's funeral, Chopin's was well-attended by the artistic and social elite of Paris. The Polish soil given him by Elsner years before was sprinkled over his grave.\u000b\\par\u000bChopin really invented the modern method of freely playing in time almost without any reference to the beat. This style became known as tempo rubato. Above all, he established the piano as an instrument capable of unimagined lyricism.\r\n",
"Handel": "\\f002 He continued to conduct performances and worked on old scores with the help of a dedicated friend. Handel and his music left a permanent stamp on the culture of England and on the musical scene in general. Because of him, oratorio became the national musical specialty of England for some time and Handel himself became a beloved and respected figure of English culture and accomplishment.\u000b\\par\u000bUpon his death, he was honored with a grave in Westminster Abbey, a place usually reserved for British nobility.",
"Mozart": "\\f002 Although the great innovations of the composers of the 18th century came in the instrumental field with the works of Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven, Mozart also loved the opera. He wrote many operas which remain staples in the repertoire of modern companies.\u000b\\par\u000bHe wrote the first great operas in German, but also wrote operas in Italian. With his librettist, Lorenzo Da Ponte, he created \\i2 The Marriage of Figaro \\i0 in 1786 and \\i2 Don Giovanni \\i0 in 1787.\r\n\r\n"
},
{
"ID": 14,
"pageID": "Page 14",
"PageID3": "Page 14",
"Bach": "\\f002 The cantatas from that service heard most often today include: No. 140 \\i2 Wachet Auf, \\i0 No. 208 which contains \\i2 Sheep May Safely Graze, \\i0 and No. 211 \\i2 Coffee Cantata. \\i0 At Leipzig, Bach also wrote his majestic \\i2 Mass in B minor \\i0 for his Catholic prince, the Duke of Saxony.\u000b\\par\u000bRelatively famous in his own lifetime, Bach and his music were somewhat neglected until the 19th century when admirers such as composer Felix Mendelssohn led a Bach revival.\r\n\r\n",
"Handel": "\\f002 Not far from the grave stands a statue of Handel holding the score to his \\i2 Messiah. \\i0 Although he was born in Germany, Handel is considered an English composer because of his dedication to England and his contribution to that country's music.\u000b\\par\u000bYou will find different spellings of Handel's name in different accounts of his life. We have chosen to go with the spelling on his tombstone at Westminster Abbey which reads, \"George Frederick Handel, esq., born February 23, 1685, died April 14, 1759.\"",
"Mozart": "\\f002\\i2 Don Giovanni \\i0 - based on the Don Juan story -- defied the categories of comic opera and serious opera then popular. Combining elements of both, the opera takes the audience on an emotional roller coaster ride.\u000b\\par\u000bIn the last year of his life Mozart wrote \\i2 The Magic Flute. \\i0 This opera -- a popular success then and now -- also defies description. It is truly a magical work that appeals to the audience on many different levels.\r\n"
